WHO | Tuberculosis. Fact sheet Reviewed March 2.
Key facts. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 1. In 2. 01. 5, 1. 0. TB and 1. 8 million died from the disease (including 0. HIV). Over 9. 5% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle- income countries. Six countries account for 6.
3.1. Chapter objectives. This chapter describes: — the aims of treatment; — the recommended doses of first-line anti-TB drugs for adults; — regimens for new and.
India leading the count, followed by Indonesia, China, Nigeria, Pakistan and South Africa. In 2. 01. 5, an estimated 1 million children became ill with TB and 1. TB (excluding children with HIV). TB is a leading killer of HIV- positive people: in 2. HIV deaths were due to TB. Globally in 2. 01.
![New Regimens To Prevent Tuberculosis In Adults New Regimens To Prevent Tuberculosis In Adults](http://www.nature.com/article-assets/npg/ncomms/2017/170124/ncomms14183/images/m685/ncomms14183-f5.jpg)
Leading research to understand, treat, and prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. Background Hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir is strongly associated with the presence of the HLA-B*5701 allele. This study was designed to establish the.
TB (MDR- TB). TB incidence has fallen by an average of 1. This needs to accelerate to a 4–5% annual decline to reach the 2. End TB Strategy". An estimated 4. 9 million lives were saved through TB diagnosis and treatment between 2.
Ending the TB epidemic by 2. Sustainable Development Goals.
WHO fact sheet on tuberculosis (TB): includes key facts, definition, global impact, treatment, HIV and TB, multidrug-resistant TB and WHO response. 1 The South African TUBERCULOSIS Control Programme 4 Practical Guidelines 2004 Chapter 8: Monitoring the treatment response 8.1 New cases 8.2 Re-treatment cases. Downloaded from https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines on 8/28/2017 Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and. Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, progressive infection, often with a period of latency following initial infection. TB most commonly affects the lungs. Symptoms. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect. Three months of weekly rifapentine plus isoniazid for latent tuberculosis treatment in solid organ transplant candidates.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable. TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
![New Regimens To Prevent Tuberculosis In Adults New Regimens To Prevent Tuberculosis In Adults](http://www.hivmanual.hk/figures/d22_algorithm.gif)
About one- third of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not (yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease. People infected with TB bacteria have a 1. TB. However, persons with compromised immune systems, such as people living with HIV, malnutrition or diabetes, or people who use tobacco, have a much higher risk of falling ill. When a person develops active TB disease, the symptoms (such as cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss) may be mild for many months. This can lead to delays in seeking care, and results in transmission of the bacteria to others. People with active TB can infect 1.
Without proper treatment, 4. HIV- negative people with TB on average and nearly all HIV- positive people with TB will die. Who is most at risk? Tuberculosis mostly affects adults in their most productive years. However, all age groups are at risk. Over 9. 5% of cases and deaths are in developing countries.
People who are infected with HIV are 2. TB (see TB and HIV section below). The risk of active TB is also greater in persons suffering from other conditions that impair the immune system. One million children (0–1.
TB, and 1. 70 0. 00 children (excluding children with HIV) died from the disease in 2. Tobacco use greatly increases the risk of TB disease and death. More than 2. 0% of TB cases worldwide are attributable to smoking. Global impact of TBTB occurs in every part of the world. In 2. 01. 5, the largest number of new TB cases occurred in Asia, with 6.
Africa, with 2. 6% of new cases. In 2. 01. 5, 8. 7% of new TB cases occurred in the 3. TB burden countries. Six countries accounted for 6. TB cases: India, Indonesia, China, Nigeria, Pakistan, and South Africa.
Global progress depends on advances in TB prevention and care in these countries. Symptoms and diagnosis. Common symptoms of active lung TB are cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Many countries still rely on a long- used method called sputum smear microscopy to diagnose TB. Trained laboratory technicians look at sputum samples under a microscope to see if TB bacteria are present.
Microscopy detects only half the number of TB cases and cannot detect drug- resistance. The use of the rapid test Xpert MTB/RIF® has expanded substantially since 2. WHO first recommended its use.
The test simultaneously detects TB and resistance to rifampicin, the most important TB medicine. Diagnosis can be made within 2 hours and the test is now recommended by WHO as the initial diagnostic test in all persons with signs and symptoms of TB. More than 1. 00 countries are already using the test and 6. Diagnosing multi- drug resistant and extensively drug- resistant TB (see Multidrug- resistant TB section below) as well as HIV- associated TB can be complex and expensive. In 2. 01. 6, 4 new diagnostic tests were recommended by WHO – a rapid molecular test to detect TB at peripheral health centres where Xpert MTB/RIF cannot be used, and 3 tests to detect resistance to first- and second- line TB medicines. Tuberculosis is particularly difficult to diagnose in children and as yet only the Xpert MTB/RIF assay is generally available to assist with the diagnosis of paediatric TB. Treatment. TB is a treatable and curable disease.
Active, drug- susceptible TB disease is treated with a standard 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer. Without such support, treatment adherence can be difficult and the disease can spread. The vast majority of TB cases can be cured when medicines are provided and taken properly. Between 2. 00. 0 and 2. TB diagnosis and treatment. TB and HIVAt least one- third of people living with HIV worldwide in 2.
TB bacteria. People living with HIV are 2. TB disease than people without HIV. HIV and TB form a lethal combination, each speeding the other's progress. In 2. 01. 5 about 0. HIV- associated TB. About 3. 5% of deaths among HIV- positive people were due to TB in 2.
In 2. 01. 5 there were an estimated 1. TB amongst people who were HIV- positive, 7.
Africa. WHO recommends a 1. TB- HIV activities, including actions for prevention and treatment of infection and disease, to reduce deaths.
Multidrug- resistant TBAnti- TB medicines have been used for decades and strains that are resistant to 1 or more of the medicines have been documented in every country surveyed. Drug resistance emerges when anti- TB medicines are used inappropriately, through incorrect prescription by health care providers, poor quality drugs, and patients stopping treatment prematurely. Multidrug- resistant tuberculosis (MDR- TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first- line anti- TB drugs. MDR- TB is treatable and curable by using second- line drugs.
However, second- line treatment options are limited and require extensive chemotherapy (up to 2 years of treatment) with medicines that are expensive and toxic. In some cases, more severe drug resistance can develop. Extensively drug- resistant TB (XDR- TB) is a more serious form of MDR- TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the most effective second- line anti- TB drugs, often leaving patients without any further treatment options. About 4. 80 0. 00 people worldwide developed MDR- TB in 2. In addition, around 1.
MDR- TB treatment. The MDR- TB burden largely falls on 3 countries – China, India, and the Russian Federation – which together account for nearly half of the global cases. About 9. 5% of MDR- TB cases had XDR- TB in 2.
Worldwide, only 5. MDR- TB patients and 2. XDR- TB are currently successfully treated. In 2. 01. 6, WHO approved the use of a short, standardised regimen for MDR- TB patients who do not have strains that are resistant to second- line TB medicines. This regimen takes 9–1.
MDR- TB, which can take up to 2 years. Patients with XDR- TB or resistance to second- line anti- TB drugs cannot use this regimen, however, and need to be put on longer MDR- TB regimens to which 1 of the new drugs (bedquiline and delamanid) may be added.
WHO also approved in 2. More than 2. 0 countries in Africa and Asia have started using shorter MDR- TB regimens. By the end of 2. 01.
MDR- TB treatment regimens. WHO response. WHO pursues 6 core functions in addressing TB: Providing global leadership on matters critical to TB.
Developing evidence- based policies, strategies and standards for TB prevention, care and control, and monitoring their implementation. Providing technical support to Member States, catalyzing change, and building sustainable capacity. Monitoring the global TB situation, and measuring progress in TB care, control, and financing. Shaping the TB research agenda and stimulating the production, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge. Facilitating and engaging in partnerships for TB action.
The WHO "End TB Strategy", adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2. TB epidemic by driving down TB deaths, incidence and eliminating catastrophic costs. It outlines global impact targets to reduce TB deaths by 9. TB. Ending the TB epidemic by 2. Sustainable Development Goals.
WHO has gone one step further and set a 2. TB incidence – similar to current levels in low TB incidence countries today. The Strategy outlines three strategic pillars that need to be put in place to effectively end the epidemic: Pillar 1: integrated patient- centred care and prevention. Pillar 2: bold policies and supportive systems. Pillar 3: intensified research and innovation.
The success of the Strategy will depend on countries respecting the following 4 key principles as they implement the interventions outlined in each pillar: government stewardship and accountability, with monitoring and evaluationstrong coalition with civil society organizations and communitiesprotection and promotion of human rights, ethics and equityadaptation of the strategy and targets at country level, with global collaboration.